Schematic diagram of the coordinate transformation process in cylinder structure. (A), (D), (C), and (F) Cartesian coordinates. (B) and (E) Curvilinear coordinates. The red lines denote isotherms.

Points 1, 2, 3, 4 originally had irregular ascending y-coordinates, which were transformed and rescaled to an arithmetic progression from -1 to 1 by coordinate-wise ...