A cystoscopy is a procedure that involves inserting a tool into the urethra and up into the bladder to examine these organs. The tool is a cystoscope — a thin, flexible instrument with a light and a ...

Cystoscopy remains an essential diagnostic procedure in urology, yet it is frequently associated with discomfort and pain that may compromise patient compliance and overall procedural experience.

Accurate documentation of lesions during transurethral resection of bladder tumors (TURBT) is essential for precise diagnosis, treatment planning, and follow-up care. However, optimizing schematic ...