Animal models are required to study mechanisms of early cardiovascular development. The chick embryo has been used as a model for many decades because the embryonic chick heart resembles the ...
The central venous pressure (CVP) is frequently used to guide fluid management. Indeed, two surveys of European intensivists/anesthesiologists reported that over 90% ...
With upright exercise there is a slower rise in heart rate in the elderly compared to the younger subject. Stroke volume is maintained in the elderly person by an increase in end-diastolic volume ...
Aortic regurgitation occurs when blood flows retrograde (backwards) across the aortic valve from the aorta into the left ventricle during diastole. This abnormal backflow of blood leads to pathologic ...
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