ISS involves the bombardment of a surface with a beam of ions, typically noble gas ions like helium or neon, under vacuum conditions. When these ions collide with the sample surface, they are either ...

Photoemission spectroscopy (PES) is a powerful analytical technique used to study the electronic structure and chemical composition of materials. It is based on the photoelectric effect, where ...

Within materials science, the surface is often where the most important interactions occur. Whether the focus is corrosion, catalysis, adhesion, or biomaterials, the outermost atomic layers determine ...